Kdo si vzal Catherine of Aragon?

Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine, historical Spanish: Catharina, now: Catalina; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 11 June 1509 until its annulment on 23 May 1533. She had previously been Princess of Wales while married to Henry's elder brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales, for a short period before his death.

Catherine was born at the Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares, and was the youngest child of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. She was three years old when she was betrothed to Arthur, the eldest son of Henry VII of England. They married in 1501, but Arthur died five months later. Catherine spent years in limbo, and during this time, she held the position of ambassador of the Aragonese crown to England in 1507, the first known female ambassador in European history. She married Henry VIII shortly after his accession in 1509. For six months in 1513, she served as regent of England while Henry was in France. During that time the English defeated a Scottish invasion at the Battle of Flodden, an event in which Catherine played an important part with an emotional speech about courage and patriotism.

By 1526, Henry was infatuated with Anne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughter Mary as heir presumptive at a time when there was no established precedent for a woman on the throne. He sought to have their marriage annulled, setting in motion a chain of events that led to England's schism with the Catholic Church. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him by assuming supremacy over religious matters in England. In 1533, their marriage was consequently declared invalid and Henry married Anne on the judgement of clergy in England, without reference to the pope. Catherine refused to accept Henry as supreme head of the Church in England and considered herself the King's rightful wife and queen, attracting much popular sympathy. Despite this, Henry acknowledged her only as dowager princess of Wales. After being banished from court by Henry, Catherine lived out the remainder of her life at Kimbolton Castle, dying there in January 1536 of cancer. The English people held Catherine in high esteem, and her death set off tremendous mourning. Her daughter Mary became the first undisputed English queen regnant in 1553.

Catherine commissioned The Education of a Christian Woman by Juan Luis Vives, who dedicated the book, controversial at the time, to the Queen in 1523. Such was Catherine's impression on people that even her adversary Thomas Cromwell said of her, "If not for her sex, she could have defied all the heroes of History." She successfully appealed for the lives of the rebels involved in the Evil May Day, for the sake of their families, and also won widespread admiration by starting an extensive programme for the relief of the poor. Catherine was a patron of Renaissance humanism and a friend of the great scholars Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More.

Artur Tudor (ur. 20 września 1486 w Winchesterze, zm. 2 kwietnia 1502 w Ludlow) – książę Kornwalii od roku 1486, książę Walii i hrabia Chester od roku 1489. Najstarszy syn króla Anglii Henryka VII i Elżbiety York, córki Edwarda IV, pierwszy mąż Katarzyny Aragońskiej.

Hendrik VIII (Engels: Henry VIII) (Greenwich, 28 juni 1491 – Westminster bij Londen, 28 januari 1547) was van 1509 tot 1547 koning van Engeland, heer van Ierland en later ook koning van Ierland. Hij stamde uit het Huis Tudor en was een zoon van Hendrik VII en Elizabeth van York.

Hendrik VIII staat bekend als het stereotype van de zelfbewuste renaissance-vorst. Hij was intelligent en geïnteresseerd in kunst en wetenschap. Hij werd echter ook beschouwd als liefdeloos, egoïstisch en wreed. Tegenstrevers, echtgenotes of dienaren die hem niet aanstonden, ruimde hij meedogenloos uit de weg. Hendrik was berucht vanwege zijn huwelijksperikelen; hij heeft zes echtgenotes gehad, van wie hij er twee liet onthoofden.

Tijdens zijn bewind werden Engeland en Wales wettelijk verenigd in één koninkrijk, meer dan twee eeuwen na de verovering van Wales door Engeland. Een nog belangrijker ontwikkeling was de afscheiding van de Anglicaanse Kerk van de Kerk van Rome, vanwege een conflict met de paus over de ontbinding van zijn eerste huwelijk. Hiermee werkte hij onbedoeld de protestantse Reformatie in de hand. Hij liet zich in 1511 door paus Julius II betrekken in de Oorlog van de Liga van Kamerijk tegen Frankrijk, waarbij hij in de rug werd aangevallen door Frankrijks bondgenoot Schotland. Hij en vooral zijn echtgenote Catharina van Aragon - die de in Frankrijk vechtende Hendrik "waarnam" - wisten Schotland in 1513 echter een zware nederlaag toe te brengen in de Slag bij Flodden Field. In Frankrijk boekte hij enkele militaire successen, zoals in de Slag bij Guinegate. In 1516 stichtte Hendrik VIII de Britse postdienst Royal Mail en benoemde hij Brian Tuke als Master of the Posts (postmeester).